HIND INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, LUCKNOW

Ear surgery is utilized to correct defects causing hearing loss or impairment. Such procedures include stapedectomy (removal of all or part of a bone in the middle ear called the stapes), tympanoplasty (reconstruction of the ear drum), and cochlear implants (implantation of a device to stimulate nerve ends within the inner portion of the ear to enable hearing). Surgery of the nose can include procedures that treat sinus diseases (sinus surgery).

Advanced endoscopic surgery for sinus and nasal disorders can eliminate the need for external incisions and greater surgical precision. Common surgical procedures of the throat include removal of tonsils (tonsillectomy) or adenoids (adenoidectomy). The tonsils (either side and in back of the throat) and adenoids (higher up the throat behind the nose) are masses of lymph tissue that play an active role in body defenses to fight infection.
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart over time produced by an electrocardiograph, usually in a noninvasive recording via skin electrodes. Its name is made of different parts: electro, because it is related to electrical activity, cardio, Greek for heart, gram, a Greek root meaning "to write". Electrical impulses in the heart originate in the sinoatrial node and travel through the heart muscle where they impart electrical initiation of systole or contraction of the heart.[citation needed] The electrical waves can be measured at selectively placed electrodes (electrical contacts) on the skin. Electrodes on different sides of the heart measure the activity of different parts of the heart muscle.An ECG displays the voltage between pairs of these electrodes, and the muscle activity that they measure, from different directions, also understood as vectors.This display indicates the overall rhythm of the heart and weaknesses in different parts of the heart muscle.